Title: Intranasal fentanyl
题目：鼻内用芬太尼
Author 作者: Mimi Lu

Who: Young, otherwise healthy pediatric patients undergoing minor procedures (laceration repair, fracture reduction/splinting, etc...)
应用对象：年轻，原本健康的需要行小手术（裂伤修补术，骨折复位/夹板等.）的小儿患者
What: Fentanyl (2mcg/kg)
用什么：芬太尼（2mcg/kg）
When: 5 minutes pre-procedure
什么时间用：操作前5分钟
Where: Intranasal
用药途经：鼻内
Why: More effective than PO, less invasive than IV while being equally efficacious
为什么：比口服更有效，比静脉创伤小但有同样效果
How: Use an atomizer, splitting the dose between each nostril.
如何用：使用喷化器，将剂量分为每个鼻孔。
References 参考文献:
1) Use of Intranasal Fentanyl for the Relief of Pediatric Orthopedic Trauma Pain, Mary Saunders, MD Academic Emergency Medicine 2010, 17:1155-1161.
2) A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Intranasal Fentanyl to Intravenous Morphine for Managing Acute Pain in children in the Emergency Department, Meredith Borland, MBBS, FACEM, Annals of Emergency Medicine, March 2007, Vol. 49, No.3, 335-340
3) The Implementation of Intranasal Fentanyl for Children in a Mixed Adult and Pediatric Emergency
Department Reduces time to analgesic Administration, Anna Holdgate, MBBS, Academic Emergency Medicine 2010, 17:214-217.