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Title: Back 2 Basics Series: Dynamic Measures of Intravascular Volume Assessment
题目:2个基本原则系列:血管内容量评估的动态测量
Author 作者: John Greenwood
翻译:江利冰 校对:肖锋
The resuscitation of a patient in shock often requires the administration of intravenous fluid. Excessive fluid resuscitation can lead to worsening pulmonary edema, systemic edema, acid-base disturbances, as well as many other complications. There are a myriad of techniques to try and figure out if the patient
needs more intravascular volume, but each has it’s pitfalls.
休克患者的复苏往往需要静脉补液。过多的液体复苏会加重肺水肿、全身水肿、酸碱失衡以及其他很多并发症。有很多技术尝试着去计算出某个患者是否还需要更多的血管内容量,但是每一种技术都存在相应的局限性。
Recently, experts have recommend that we move away from using static measures of preload assessment such as central venous pressure (CVP) and instead focus on using dynamic measures for volume responsiveness.
最近,专家推荐不能只关注对前负荷的静态评估,例如中心静脉压(CVP),而应该需要更多地关注对容量反应的动态测量。
Volume Responsiveness Defined: An increase of stroke volume of 10-15% after a 500 mL IV crystalloid bolus over 10-15 minutes.
容量反应的定义:每搏输出量在10-15分钟内静脉注射500mL的晶体液后增加10-15%。
Below is a chart describing key values, requirements, and contraindications for each of these dynamic measures of non-invasive intravascular volume assessment.
以下这个表格描述了这些非侵入性血管内容量评估动态测量方法的关键数值、要求以及相应的禁忌症。
提示存在容量反应 备注
自主呼吸情况下
下腔静脉超声 直径<0.9cm
塌陷率>40% 仅测量肝静脉以上的下腔静脉
被动抬腿试验 每搏输出量增加9%
脉搏压增加10% 需要专业技术的监测,可以使用10%的平均动脉压的增加作为替代指标
机械通气情况下
脉压变异(PPV) 在吸气和呼气之间的收缩期峰压差异>13% 需要动脉导管
每搏量变异度(SVV) 每搏量变异度差异>13%,提示存在容量反应 需要专业的监测仪器(PICCO、LiDCO、FloTrac、Vigileo)以及动脉导管
Important notes: PPV and SVV require the patient to be intubated with controlled tidal volumes. Arrhythmias and right heart failure make many of these measures invalid (except for PLR). Other methods of assessment not discussed include systolic pressure variation, left ventricular outflow track velocity time integral (LVOT VTI), and end-expiratory occlusion pressure (EEO).
重要提示:脉压变异和每搏量变异的测量需要患者处于气管插管的状态同时使用容量控制模式进行通气。这些措施中很多在心律失常和右心衰竭中是无效的,被动抬腿试验除外。其它没有讨论的评估方法还有:收缩压变异指数、左心室流出道速度时间积分以及呼气末闭塞压力。
Bottom Line: None of these measures are perfect and shouldn't be used in isolation to determine if the patient’s “tank is full”. Combine clinical judgment with these measures to get a best estimate of whether or not to give that next fluid bolus.
要点:这些方法中没有一种是完美的,均不应该单独用来判断患者的血管内容量是否充足。需要将临床判断和这些测量方法结合起来,从而得到对是否需要进一步补液最好的评估。
Reference 参考文献
1. Enomoto TM, Harder L. Dynamic indices of preload. Crit Care Clin. 2010;26(2):307-321.