中华急诊医学杂志  2016, Vol. 25 Issue (4): 475-478
急性冠脉综合征患者介入术后慢血流事件与血浆D-二聚体水平关系
葛海龙, 史冬梅, 王建龙, 韩洪亚, 刘晓丽, 马茜, 周玉杰     
100029,北京,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科12病房, 北京市心肺血管疾病研究所
摘要目的 探讨急性冠脉综合征患者在接受介入治疗术时发生慢血流现象的危险因素及其与血浆D-二聚体水平的关系。方法 回顾性分析行急诊PCI 的急性冠脉综合征患者297例。采用校正TIMI血流计帧法(cTFC)计算各支冠状动脉的TIMI帧数。根据术中cTFC结果将患者分为CSF组和冠脉血流正常对照组,Logistic回归方法分析CSF发生的临床危险因素。ROC曲线分析D-二聚体水平对慢血流发生的预测价值。结果 共计59例(19.8%)患者出现慢血流事件,血D-二聚体水平显著高于正常对照组(P< 0.05)。Logistic回归分析表明血D-二聚体水平(OR=1.276,95%CI:1.132~3.224,P=0.012)、罪犯血管的靶病变长度(OR=1.436,95%CI:0.635~1.382,P=0.037)、血栓负荷评分(OR=1.108,95%CI:1.085~2.103,P=0.018)是慢血流发生的独立危险因素。ROC曲线表明血D-二聚体水平(ROC曲线下面积0.783,OR=1.502,95%CI:1.324~2.531,P=0.005)对慢血流的发生具有预测价值(敏感度为83.5%,特异度为69.1%)。结论 D-二聚体水平升高与急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后慢血流发生密切相关,有助于预测术中慢血流的发生。
关键词血D二聚体     慢血流     急性冠脉综合征     经皮冠脉介入治疗     危险因素     预后    
The relationship between plasma D-dimer and coronary slow flow in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention
Ge Hailong, Shi Dongmei, Wang Jianlong, Han Hongya, Liu Xiaoli, Ma Qian, Zhou Yujie     
12 ward,Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen hospital,Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart,Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases,Beijing 100029, China
Fund program: National Tature Science Foundation of China(81573744);Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding(ZY201303);National Key Clinical speciality Construction Project (2013-2014); Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals, Ascent Plan (DFL20150601)
Corresponding author: Zhou Yujie, Email :azzyj12@163.com
Abstract: Objective To study the correlation between the risk factors of coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSF) and the level of plasma D-dimer in patients with ACS (acute coronary syndrome) after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods Atotal of 297 patients with ACS after PCI were enrolled for retrospective analysis. All patients were divided into CSF group and control group in the light of corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count method (cTFC). Multivariate analysis for evaluating clinical predictors of CSF was carried out using Logistic regression test and Pearson analysis to find the correlation between plasma D-dimer and cTFC. The predictive value of D-dimer level in the occurrence of coronary slow flow was determined by using receiver operating characteristic (POC) curve analysis. Results CSF was observed in 59 cases (19.8%). The plasma D-dimer was significantly higher in the coronary slow flow group compared with the control group (P< 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis and Logistic regression test showed that the level of plasma D-dimer (OR=1.276,95%CI:1.132-3.224,P=0.012), thrombus score (OR=1.108,95%CI:1.085-2.103,P=0.018)and target lesion length of culprit vessel(OR=1.436,95%CI:0.635-1.382,P=0.037)were the risk factors of CSF. Correlation analysis showed that plasma D-dimer were positively associated with CSF. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that D-dimer cutoff point at 515.3 ng/ml hadagood judgment significance (AUC 0.783,OR=1.502,95%CI:1.324-2.531,P=0.005).Conclusions The increased D-dimer level isarisk factor and plays an important role in the ACS patients with the CSF phenomenon, thereby predicting no-reflow phenomenon after primary PCI in these patients.
Key words: D-dimer     Coronary slow flow     Acute coronary syndrome     Percutaneous coronary intervention     Risk factors     Prognosis    

经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)是目前ST抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者再灌注治疗的首选策略。然而术中部分患者冠状动脉再通后可发生慢血流或无复流(coronary slow flow,CSF或no reflow,NR)现象,表现为靶病变局部无残余狭窄、夹层等机械性梗阻因素存在,但冠状动脉造影表现为TIMI血流0~2级,CSF可引起心肌组织缺乏有效灌注,并导致低血压、恶性心律失常等并发症及心脏不良事件的发生[1, 2],急诊PCI中此现象发生率高达10%~30%[3]。因此深入识别CSF或NR发生的多种危险因素对改善此类患者临床预后意义重大。新近发现血D-二聚体水平与急性心肌梗死患者6个月后心脏病死率密切相关,并且可能与介入术中无复流发生有关[4, 5],但是否能作为CSFP或NR可靠的预测因子尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨血D-二聚体水平与急性冠脉综合征患者因急诊PCI术中慢血流事件的相关性及其对患者术中发生CSF事件的识别和预测价值。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

一般资料:回顾性分析自2010年1月至2014年12月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院诊断为急性冠脉综合征患者并行急诊PCI共297例患者。慢血流的诊断标准[6]:由两名或两名以上有经验的介入治疗医师在PCI术中通过血管造影方法共同判断慢血流。指在PCI过程中梗死相关动脉开通血流恢复以后再次出现心肌梗死溶栓分级(TIMI)血流≤2级,而在术后恢复TIMI 3级血流。排除标准:所有病例靶病变血管均排除左主干病变。溶栓后补救性PCI、严重肝或肾功能不全、需要机械通气、近期大手术(<3个月)、血压控制不良血压≥180/100 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、近期缺血性脑卒中(≤1个月)。采用血栓积分方法进行血栓负荷状况评分[7]

1.2 临床资料及标本采集

入选患者采集包括年龄、性别、血压、糖尿病史及吸烟史等临床资料。取晨空腹12 h静脉血测定三酰甘油、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血常规及肝肾功能等生化指标。同时采集清晨空腹外周静脉血5 mL,3 000r/min离心10 min后分离血清,-70 ℃冰箱保存,待批量测定D-二聚体。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS19.0软件,两组间均数比较独立样本t检验,计量资料以(x±s)表示,计数资料采用χ2检验。采用Logistic回归分析冠状动脉慢血流相关因素,先以0.15的检验水准进行单因素分析,然后对有统计学意义的变量进行多因素分析,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。D-二聚体水平与平均CTFC的相关性分析采用Pearson法,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。用SPSS统计软件,以不同的检测值为临界点,以每个临界点对应的敏感度为纵坐标,1-特异度为横坐标得到ROC曲线。计算不同临界点时线下的面积(area under the curve,AUC),将敏感、特异度进行比较分析,建立受试者工作特征曲线,选取AUC面积最大(即敏感度与特异度之和最大)时曲线图。

2 结果 2.1 一般临床资料

CSF组CTFC(32.46±4.12)高于于NCF组(20.25±4.34),P<0.05。两组患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数、高血压、糖尿病及血脂等临床资料差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而CSF组外周血D-二聚体水平水平明显高于NCF组(P<0.01),且长病变患者及高血栓积分患者比例明显高于正常血流对照组(P<0.05),见表 1

表 1 两组患者临床资料和实验参数比较Table 1 Comparison of clinical data and experimental parameters in PCI patients
(x±s)
指标CSF组(n=59)对照组(n=238)t2P
男性(%)36/59(61.02) 142/238(59.66)0.7520.323
高血压(%)31/59(52.54)137/238(57.56)0.9430.975
糖尿病(%)23/59(38.98)97/238(40.76)0.5210.644
吸烟(%)42/59(71.19) 73/238(30.67)3.8840.026
年龄(岁,x±s) 51.65±7.6 53.28±7.960.5350.091
体质量指数(x±s) 26.44±3.38 28.31±4.55 0.3640.523
急性ST抬高型心肌梗死(%) 28/59(47.5) 115/238(48.3)1.0320.083
非ST抬高型心肌梗死(%) 19/59(32.2) 84/238(35.3)0.9870.139
不稳定型心绞痛(%) 12/59(20.3)39/238(16.4)0.5280.185
总胆固醇(mmol/L,x±s) 5.03±0.52 5.14±0.5521.0250.072
甘油三酯(mmol/L,x±s) 1.82±0.45 1.76±0.420.7340.821
低密度胆固醇酯(mmol/L,x±s) 2.59±0.42 2.36±0.390.7720.359
高密度胆固醇酯(mmol/L,x±s) 1.07±0.34 1.25±0.330.8830.069
D-dimer(ng/mL,x±s) 552.5±64.5 236.2±53.74.7630.012
靶病变长度(mm,x±s) 22.35±4.23 11.08±3.152.3740.025
血栓评分(x±s) 3.86±0.21 2.03±0.191.8140.032
支架植入血管平均CTFC血流帧数(x±s) 32.46±4.1220.25±4.343.3360.016
2.2 Logistic回归法分析CSF发生的临床危险因素

以冠状动脉血流平均CTFC为应变量,以所有病例性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟、年龄、D-二聚体、血糖、血脂水平为自变量,进行多元逐步回归分析。同时定义冠状动脉血流平均CTFC为分类变量,以全部病例性别、高血压、吸烟、年龄、血糖及各血脂水平为协变量,采用Logistic回归法分析可能导致CSF的临床危险因素。结果表明血D-二聚体水平、靶病变长度、血栓积分是影响CSF的危险因素。见表 2

表 2 Logistic回归分析CSF发生的临床危险因素结果Table 2 Results of Logistic regression analysis of correlation the risk factors for CSF
变量βSEWald值 ORP95%CI
D-dimer 0.9130.289 3.6551.2760.0121.132~3.224
血栓评分0.6850.3342.9181.1080.0181.085~2.103
长病变(>12 mm)0.7460.5171.2891.4360.0370.635~1.382
年龄(>60)-0.3720.5813.2760.7540.106-0.825~1.387
糖化血红蛋白-0.5480.3271.6050.6360.251 0.626~1.388
再灌注时间(>6 h)-0.4050.5341.2710.3280.2150.598~1.662
体质量指数0.4450.3852.0420.8750.3160.624~1.737
2.3 血D-dimer水平与冠脉慢血流的相关性

对3支冠脉血流的平均CTFC帧数与血D-二聚体进行Pearson线性相关分析,结果显示血D-二聚体水平与CSF的平均CTFC帧数正相关(r=0.552,P<0.05)。

2.4 血D-二聚体值对慢血流的预测

当选取截点位515.3 ng/mL时,其诊断敏感度和特异度均较高,分别为83.5%和69.1%,曲线下面积为0.783,OR=1.502,95%CI: 1.324~2.531,P=0.005。见图 1

图 1 血D-二聚体水平预测慢血流发生的ROC曲线 Fig 1 ROC curve of D-dimer for predicting conorary slow flow
3 讨论

CSF是指冠状动脉经介入治疗解除机械性阻塞后,冠状动脉造影显示血管腔再通,无显著残余狭窄或夹层,但前向血流仍有不足(TIMI血流≤2级),严重者发生无复流(NR)事件。CSF是急诊心脏介入治疗的常见并发症之一。10%~30%的急性ST抬高型心肌梗死患者在急诊PCI冠状动脉开通后,可发生慢复流或无复流现象,本研究中此事件的发生率达19.8%,与以往文献报道相似[3]。多项研究证实慢/无血流是心肌梗死长期预后的重要预测因子,是独立于年龄、Killip分级和左心室射血分数等因素之外的预测心肌梗死后病死率的危险因素[8, 10]。因此分析和识别无复流发生相关的系列危险因素和预测因子,利于介入术前评估手术风险和术中及早采取预防措施,减少无复流、慢血流造成的发生。

研究发现,在STEMI患者中,高D-dimer水平与血栓负荷的严重程度密切相关,可能是罪犯血管介入治疗后发生无复流的独立预测因素,而在急性冠脉综合征患者中的预测价值并不明确。本研究中发生CSF事件的患者血D-二聚体水平明显升高,进一步用Pearson分析显示两者呈正相关,并且CSF组血栓负荷评分明显高于非CSF组。笔者推测D-二聚体与慢/无血流现象发生的可能机制如下:冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或糜烂、继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成是ACS的病理基础,而梗死相关动脉的血栓负荷是无复流和心脏不良事件的独立预测因子,多项研究证实重度血栓负荷与无复流有较强相关性[9, 12],是其独立预测因子。D-二聚体是凝血过程中纤溶系统产生的交联纤维蛋白的特异度降解产物,可作为体内高凝状态和纤溶亢进的分子标志物,外周血中D-dimer水平增高反映了体内高凝状态和血栓高负荷状态。另外,D-dimer与局灶性血管壁相关纤维蛋白形成、凝固及不稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块活动程度密切相关[13],研究显示D-二聚体水平中度-高度增高的比例在心脏缺血性疾病患者为75.2%,可以反映冠状动脉病变严重程度。

本研究显示靶病变长度(22.35±4.23)mm可影响CSF事件发生,与Kirma等[9]报道的CSF危险预测因素之一(病变长度>13.5 mm)相符。鉴于D-二聚体对于预测PCI过程中的慢血流事件的发生尚未见报道,本研究建立受试工作者曲线,通过ROC曲线分析发现,如以515 ng/mL为D-二聚体预测慢血流或无复流发生的预测临界点,敏感度和特异度分别为83.5%和69.1%,显示D-二聚体水平对ACS患者急诊PCI时慢血流现象有一定预测价值。但本研究为术后取血,考虑到介入治疗对D二聚体水平有一定影响,未进行术前术后对比分析,尚有不足。

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