2. 郑州大学河南医学院,郑州 450052;
3. 郑州大学第一附属医院护理部,郑州 450052
2019新冠病毒COVID-19爆发后,全球疫情十分严重[1-2]。疫情爆发时病死率为61.5%[3]。21个国家的超额病死率超过每10万人口300例[4]。截至2021年6月,确诊超过177 800 000例[5]。2023年1月国家卫健委将COVID-19感染从乙类甲管调整为乙类乙管[6]。尽管病死率随疾病防控意识的提高有所下降,但不良结果仍然存在,尤其在慢性病患者中[7]。需住院的新冠感染患者中,近四分之一的患者需进入重症监护病房[8]。目前针对新冠感染并无特效治疗,需要寻求更加有效的药物。
二甲双胍是临床常用双胍类降糖药,主要用于2型糖尿病的治疗。在实验研究中二甲双胍还被证明具有抗炎作用,可能通过多种作用机制降低新冠感染病死率[9-18]。但多项研究对二甲双胍可否降低新冠感染患者病死率的研究结果有所不同,需要新的meta分析来解决这个争议。本研究通过系统评价的方法,分析二甲双胍是否与降低新冠感染病死率有关。
1 资料与方法 1.1 纳入与排除 1.1.1 研究的纳入标准① 为研究二甲双胍对新冠感染患者病死率或预后影响的临床试验;②患者有明显证据诊断为新冠感染,诊断标准[9, 19-22]:急性呼吸系统综合征以及新型肺炎鼻拭子RT-PCR阳性;③暴露因素为使用二甲双胍;④可提取到有效信息;⑤在PubMed等可检索并下载全文。
1.1.2 文献排除标准① 排除综述等二次研究;②排除研究对象为实验动物的文章;③排除未明确诊断为新冠感染和未明确指出暴露因素为二甲双胍的文章。
1.2 文献检索主题词与自由词结合,检索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library等数据库。检索时间从建库起至2023年3月14日。检索词为“coronavirus disease 2019”、“COVID19”、“novel coronavirus”和“metformin”。检索式见附表 1。
1.3 文献筛选通过对题目和摘要的筛选,确定与二甲双胍和新冠感染明显相关的文章,摘要和题目无法判断则下载全文判断。
1.4 数据提取提取文献中二甲双胍对新冠感染患者病死率和预后影响的OR值及95%置信区间以及连续性变量的相关指标。提取作者信息、发表年份、患者情况等基本特征。根据NOS进行文章质量评价。
1.5 统计学方法利用STATA 12.0统计分析。OR > 1,95%CI不包含1时,表示二甲双胍是引起新冠感染患者病死率、ICU住院率等增加的危险因素;OR < 1且95%CI不包含1时,表示二甲双胍是患者上述指标降低的保护因素。95%CI包含1或OR值=1时二甲双胍与上述指标无明显相关性。使用χ2检验和I2检验进行异质性检验,检验标准为α < 0.05。P > 0.1或I2 < 50%,说明不存在异质性或异质性很小,采用固定效应模型。P < 0.1或I2>50%,说明存在异质性,经亚组分析不能达到同质时采用随机效应模型。P值大小判断数据之间差异是否有统计学意义。
2 结果 2.1 文献检索结果使用PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library检索到文献1 501篇。筛选标题和摘要,排除1 376篇,剔除55项未涉及二甲双胍或新冠感染、8篇未给出可提取的数据,最终纳入33篇研究。见图 1
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图 1 文献筛选流程图 |
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纳入33篇文献,其中3篇随机对照试验[20, 23-24],1篇前瞻性队列研究[25]和29篇回顾性研究[9, 19, 21-22, 26-50]。提取作者、发表年份、患者情况等基本特征,如表 1。
第一作者 | 发表年份 | 研究类型 | 研究时间 | 患者总数量/使用二甲双胍的患者数量(个) | 患者平均年龄: 使用二甲双胍/未使用二甲双胍(岁) | 女性患者/男性患者(个) | 实验干预 | 主要结局 |
Bramante | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-06/2020 | 6 256/2 333 | 73/76 | 3 302/2 954 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Bramante | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-12/2020 | 9 555/676 | 55 | 5 036/4 519 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Carolyn T. Bramante | 2022 | 随机对照试验 | 12/2020-11/2022 | 1 125/564 | 45 | 630/495 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Bramante | 2022 | 随机对照研究 | 12/2020-02/2022 | 1 323/663 | 46/45 | 741/582 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Jiang | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 12/2019-03/2020 | 328/100 | 64.0/67.0 | 154/174 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Lalau | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-04/2020 | 2 449/1 496 | 68.5/74.6 | 881/1568 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Do | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2017-05/2020 | 564/469 | 64.8/67.4 | 281/283 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Luk | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-02/2021 | 991/737 | 65.6/68.9 | 455/536 | 二甲双胍 | ICU住院率,机械通气,住院病死率 |
Luo | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-03/2020 | 283/104 | 63.0/65.0 | 127/156 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,住院时间 |
Khunti | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 02/2020-08/2020 | 2 851 465/1 800 005 | NA/NA | 1 257 735/1 593 730 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Lally | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-05/2020 | 603/127 | 72.3/76.9 | 17/586 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Ma | 2020 | 回顾性研究 | 03/2020-02/2021 | 1 356/995 | NA/NA | 600/756 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,机械通气,住院时间 |
Miao | 2022 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-05/2020 | 4 462/1 021 | 67.14/63.56 | 2 094/2 367 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,住院时间 |
Nafakhi | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 08/2020-10/2020 | NA/NA | NA/NA | NA/NA | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Oh | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-06/2020 | 11 892/5 946 | NA/NA | 6 554/5 338 | 口服二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Femandez | 2022 | 回顾性队列研究 | 02/2020-03/2021 | 31 966/23 327 | 70.7/75.0 | 12 848/19 118 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,住院率,ICU住院率 |
Ong | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-09/2020 | 355/186 | 61.61/63.91 | 157/198 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Belmonte | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-07/2020 | 498/249 | NA/NA | NA/NA | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,住院率 |
Reis | 2022 | 随机对照试验 | 06/2020-01/2021 | 418/215 | 53.0/59.1 | 239/179 | 二甲双胍750mg/次,2次/d,10 d | 住院率 |
Tamura | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-11/2020 | 1 170/NA | NA/NA | 552/618 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,机械通气 |
Li | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-03/2020 | 131/37 | NA | 57/74 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Ghany | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | NA | 1 139/392 | 70.9/71.2 | 681/458 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Wang | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2018-01/2019 | 39 829/29 558 | 64.8/67.8 | 16 188/23 641 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Wargny | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-04/2020 | 2 796/NA | 69.7/NA | 1 015/1 781 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Ramos | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-05/2020 | NA/NA | NA/NA | NA/NA | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Silverli | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | NA-05/2020 | 159/78 | NA/NA | NA/NA | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Wallace | 2021 | 回顾性队列研究 | NA | 8 173/1 203 | 66.7/68.4 | 538/7 635 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Wander | 2021 | 前瞻性队列研究 | 03/2020-03/2021 | NA/NA | NA/NA | NA/NA | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,ICU住院率,住院率 |
Usman | 2022 | 回顾性队列研究 | 04/2020-02/2021 | 75/34 | 60/67 | 35/40 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Saygili | 2022 | 回顾性队列研究 | 03/2020-12/2020 | 586/432 | 64.98/68.92 | 293/293 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率,ICU住院率 |
Mirani | 2020 | 回顾性队列研究 | 02/2020-04/2020 | 90/69 | 69/75 | 25/65 | 二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
Mannucci | 2022 | 回顾性观察研究 | 03/2020-12/2020 | 1 923/1 462 | 69.2/69.7 | 773/1 150 | 二甲双胍 | 住院率 |
Wong | 2022 | 回顾性队列研究 | 01/2020-01/2021 | 1 214/786 | 64.0/67.5 | 554/660 | 住院前90 d内使用二甲双胍 | 住院病死率 |
采用NOS评估文章质量,见附表 2。7到9分为低偏倚风险,33篇文章评分均≥7,可以进行荟萃分析。
2.4 结果分析 2.4.1 二甲双胍对新冠感染患者病死率的meta分析随机对照研究亚组中,二甲双胍可降低新冠感染患者的住院病死率(OR 0.56,95%CI 0.38~0.81,P=0.002);观察性研究亚组中,二甲双胍也与较低的住院病死率相关(OR 0.64,95%CI 0.57~0.72,P < 0.001),见图 2。
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图 2 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院病死率的森林图 |
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随机对照试验显示,二甲双胍可降低新冠感染患者的住院率(OR 1.14,95%CI 0.73~1.81)。观察性研究显示,二甲双胍与较低的ICU住院率(OR 0.76,95%CI 0.58~0.99,P=0.044,图 3)和住院率(OR 0.96,95%CI 0.92~0.99,P=0.022,图 4)相关,但不能减少患者的住院时间(WMD -0.51,95% CI-1.05~0.03,P=0.065,图 5。
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图 3 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者ICU住院率的森林图 |
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图 4 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院率的森林图 |
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图 5 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院时间的森林图 |
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二甲双胍可以减少新冠感染患者机械通气使用率(OR 0.64,95%CI 0.43~0.95,P=0.028,图 6。
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图 6 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者机械通气的森林图 |
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对数据进行敏感性分析并合并效应量,所有效应量均包含于总的95%CI,结果稳定性较好。如图 7。
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图 7 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院病死率的敏感性分析 |
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漏斗图(如图 8)呈一个倒置的漏斗,对称性较好,说明偏倚较小。Egger分析显示,不存在发表偏倚,见图 9。
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图 8 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院病死率的漏斗图 |
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图 9 二甲双胍治疗新冠感染患者住院病死率的发表偏倚 |
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二甲双胍可保护糖尿病患者免受糖尿病微血管并发症等的影响[51-52]。通过调节炎症反应,可对COVID-19引起的严重急性呼吸系统综合征起到保护作用[11],有可能影响危重症的预后[53]。
COVID-19与ACE2(血管紧张素转换酶2)结合后促进ACE2的内吞与降解,引起氧化应激和炎症[10]。二甲双胍可诱导ACE2磷酸化[11],减少病毒黏附[12],抑制COVID-19进入细胞[13-14],减少炎症因子释放[15-16]。二甲双胍可降低DPP4(二肽基肽酶4)活性[17],抑制COVID-19进入细胞[17-18],降低炎症因子的表达[9, 13]。但Luk等[35]提到,几项研究均未发现DPP4抑制剂与COVID-19感染之间的关联。
纳入的33篇文章,包含回顾性队列研究和随机对照试验,纳入文献的样本量较大,结果更加客观准确,敏感性分析显示结果稳定性较好。但仍存在局限之处,部分结局指标异质性较高,且部分结局指标数据较少。因此,需要进一步研究。
使用二甲双胍可降低新冠感染患者的住院病死率、住院率、ICU住院率和机械通气使用率,但没有减少新冠感染患者的住院时间。二甲双胍可能是新冠感染的一种潜在治疗策略。
利益冲突 所有作者声明无利益冲突
作者贡献声明 关丽娜、王淑雅:文献检索、筛选、数据提取;王淑雅、刘银霜:数据整理、统计学分析;王钊锐、刘银霜:撰写论文;王坤、底瑞青:研究设计、论文修改
本附表见中华急诊网(www.cem.org.cn)本文html格式
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